The eNotes Blog Ten Writers.ErrrrToast the Future Thoughts for New Years2013

Ten Writers.ErrrrToast the Future Thoughts for New Years2013 Searching for certain words to control revelers into what's to come? Here are a few assessments from scholars who have contemplated the obscure. 1.  Looking for Alaskaâ by John Greenâ Envisioning what's to come is a sort of nostalgia†¦You go through your entire time on earth stuck in the maze, considering how you’ll get away from it one day, and how amazing it will be, and envisioning that future props you up, however you never do it. You simply utilize the future to get away from the present. 2.  Thomas Jefferson: The Art of Powerâ by Jon Meacham I foresee future satisfaction for Americans on the off chance that they can keep the administration from squandering the works of the individuals under the misrepresentation of dealing with them. 3.  The Second Sexâ by Simone De Beauvoirâ Change your life today. Dont bet on the future, demonstration now, immediately. 4.  Steve Jobsâ by Walter Isaacsonâ Once more, you cannot come to an obvious conclusion looking forward; you can just associate them looking in reverse. So you need to believe that the dabs will some way or another associate in your future. You need to trust in something your gut, fate, life, karma, whatever. This methodology has never allowed me to down, and it has had a significant effect in my life. 5.  The Last Lectureâ by Randy Pausch â€Å"The key inquiry to continue posing is, Are you investing your energy in the correct things? Since time is all you have. † (Reward, since I love this book to such an extent) â€Å"Look, Im going to figure out how to be cheerful, and Id truly love to be content with you, however in the event that I cannot be content with you, at that point Ill figure out how to be glad without you.† 6.  Of Mice and Menâ by John Steinbeck Folks like us, that chip away at farms, are the loneliest folks on the planet. They got no family. They dont have a place no spot. . . . With us it aint like that. We got a future. We got someone to converse with that cares at all about us. We dont need to sit in no saloon blowin in our jack jus on the grounds that we got no spot else to go. In the event that them different folks gets in prison they can spoil for all anyone cares the slightest bit. Be that as it may, not us. 7.  Tik-Tokâ by John Sladek The future, as indicated by certain researchers, will be actually similar to the past, just unquestionably progressively costly. 8.  The Theban Playsâ by Sophocles Whoever ignores expressions of the human experience when he is youthful has lost the past and is dead to what's to come. 9.  Stephen Wright, Comedian I was a fringe visionary. I could see the future, however just way off to the side. 10.  Bird by Bird: Some Instructions on Writing and Lifeâ by Anne Lamottâ Expectation starts in obscurity, the obstinate expectation that in the event that you simply appear and attempt to make the best decision, the day break will come. You pause and watch and work: you dont surrender.

Free College Admissions Essays: Interest in Languages :: College Admissions Essays

My Interest in Languages   I can follow my enthusiasm for dialects back to a vacation to the Lleyn Peninsula when I was 6, during which I chose to accumulate a word reference of the Welsh words I saw on signs. My advantage made progress at optional school, and as of late I have gotten especially eager about the language and culture of Spain - an energy uplifted by a visit to Galicia the previous summer. While I am getting a charge out of A level French I am quick to accept this open door to discover some new information, henceforth my longing to consider Italian. Italy is a nation which intrigues me and which I couldn't want anything more than to become more acquainted with, and I as of now have some information on the language including the articulation framework.   Last term I participated in a French article composing rivalry sorted out by the Alliance Française, and for my exposition on Globalization I was granted a Certificat d'Or. A year ago likewise observed my cooperation in the French Exchange with a school in Condé- en-Brie, close to Reims, which I found an important knowledge into French culture just as an opportunity to improve my language. Aside from my French and Spanish investigations, I have sought after different dialects at different occasions. A year ago I took the one-year GCSE course in Latin that my school offers, which I have discovered exceptionally fascinating and profoundly advantageous just as an assistance with and knowledge into Romance dialects. Out of excitement for the West of Scotland and enthusiasm for Scottish spot names I have taken in some Gaelic, and I as of late began to show myself German.   I have been chosen agent head kid with duty regarding foundation during the current year, and in this position I would like to proceed with the amazing raising money endeavors of earlier years for nearby and national causes. I have effectively finished my Bronze Duke of Edinburgh's honor, for which I took up rock-climbing and helped inhabitants in a nearby nursing home. I am on the council of the Debating Society and have spoken in various discussions in the Society's first year; through school I have likewise participated in an open talking rivalry composed by the Rotary Club, for which I talked as a major aspect of a group of three on how we will see life in the following thousand years. I am a sharp on-screen character, and have had driving jobs in creations both all through school.

How Job Interviews at Startups and Big Companies Differ

How Job Interviews at Startups and Big Companies Differ Job interviews can be daunting, but they can also be characterized by being usually unique. No matter how much you know about them, you can’t ever encounter an exact copy of an interview â€" different industries and different companies have their own unique ways of conducting interviews.These differences are especially clear in the examples of interviews at startups and big companies. In this post, I’m going to outline the differences in four key areas: preparation, tone, structure, and the post-interview process.HOW TO PREPARE?You should know by now that the interviews are more than just a meeting with the prospective employers where you’re supposed to answer questions. You can’t just show up on the day and hope you can convince the company of your value and skills.The interview process starts from the moment you consider applying; not only do you need to research whether the role is worth applying to, but you also need to prepare for the upcoming interview.Just as you wouldn’t show up to a 100m final without warm-up, you shouldn’t show up to a job interview without preparing yourself for the questions and arming yourself with the right knowledge.After all, running a race without warm-up can cause you to pull a muscle and showing up for an interview without preparation can end up with you falling at the last hurdle. When it comes to differences between job interviews at startups and big companies, the distinct nature of the process becomes evident during this preparation process.How? Let’s look at how you need to research and prepare in both instances.Big companiesIf you get an invitation to attend a job interview, you have to spend quite a bit of time preparing for the interview. Preparation is crucial to help you feel more relaxed and to ensure you highlight your expertise and skills appropriately.Big companies require a lot of preparation â€" they don’t differ much from any basic job interview, in the sense that you need to have a good grasp of the role in question and the organization you are hoping to join.If you’re preparing for an interview with a big corporation, you should be aware of the essentials:Who are you and what have you done in your professional life? This includes being able to highlight your education, your previous work experience and any other professional achievement you might have received over the ye ars. It’s about memorizing and understanding your professional timeline â€" showing year by year how you’ve taken steps to boost your career, whether through studies or jobs.What is the company you are applying for like? You need to understand what the company does, what is its place within the industry it operates, and the kind of business culture it represents. Big companies often ask questions aimed at understanding and evaluating your knowledge about them and to realize whether you are the right fit to their corporate culture and mission. If you can’t understand what the company is doing and how it is doing it, you can’t necessarily create an image of yourself that says you are passionate and exited at working there. So, you need to learn things about the company, understand its business culture, and its business focus and objectives.What the role is about? You also need to research the role in question. In big corporations, the role’s specific requirements and respons ibilities are often carefully outlined in the job description. You are most likely applying for a specific title, such as ‘Senior Accounts Manager’. Since you are given a title, you can research it, get a better understanding of the responsibilities, and therefore, be better equipped at answering questions about the role. You can also talk to people working in similar roles, but in different companies, to get a broad understanding of what to expect â€" not only from the interview, but the role itself.Why you are applying for the role and what can you provide for the company and the role? Finally, your preparation will focus on your specific reasons for applying for the role and especially how you and your skills fit the role. You need to be able to provide information about your skills and experiences, and relate it to the job and the company in question.The essence of preparation for an interview at a big company is on understanding the role you are asked to perform and to be a ble to showcase how you are the right fit for the company with your skills and your expertise.StartupsNow, while the preparation doesn’t necessarily differ that much from the above â€" you still need to be able to know your own professional qualifications, the basic information about the company and the role, and be able to showcase your fit â€" there are subtle differences in what you can find out and what you should focus on in your research.Since you are interviewing for a startup, you are essentially trying to research a company that doesn’t have a huge online presence or history. You won’t find a list of previous or current employees to talk to, as the company might not have been in operation for more than a few months, for example.Furthermore, the job description might not be quite as rigid with a startup as it is with a big company. While the application might be looking for an ‘IT manager’, the role can include different duties to those in established companies.In the most obvious cases, you might be in charge of creating and developing the IT department rather than joining an existing and well-oiled department and simply overseeing it.So searching the role beforehand is not quite as easy or useful. Instead, the key is to prepare yourself for the mission and the culture of the startup â€" what is the objective of the organization?With your preparation, you want to be able to highlight that you understand the mission and to showcase how you can add value to achieving the objectives the company has.Furthermore, you need to focus on the bigger picture. What is the marketplace for the company and its product? If you can show a solid understanding of the industry the company is trying to break in, you can present yourself as someone who knows how to grow the organization to the business it wants to become.One interesting and important part of preparing for an interview with a startup is understanding what startups are. What I mean is that an estab lished business has different challenges to a company that is looking to break into the industry.Therefore, if you are able to understand the unique nature of a startup, you can highlight your expertise and value much better. So, prepare also by getting deeper into the essence of a startup as a business model. WHAT WILL THE TONE BE LIKE?So, what about the actual interview? What are the differences in approaching the job interview and what can you expect when you are interviewing with a big corporation or a startup?While the preparation is essentially rather similar, with only subtle differences in the focus, the approach to the interview and the interview environment are starting to showcase major differences between the two organizations.Big companiesA big company and its approach to job interviews can be described with a single word: formal. The big companies tend to take a serious and extremely professional approach to interviews, which is highlighted in the atmosphere and the mo od of the interview.How does formality showcase in a big company interview? First, the dress code is business attire nearly always. You need to follow the guidelines outlined in the image to ensure you look the part in your interview: Source:  PURDUE CCOThe formal and professional attire sets the tone for the whole interview. The process will be highly structured, with the interview consisting of pre-set questions that you are expected to answer.The meeting is most likely going to last a specific amount of time after which you are notified of the next steps in the process. The attitude and atmosphere during the interview will maintain a cordial, yet professional attitude. The focus is essentially just to evaluate your fit for the role and the business.Like I’ve said above, big companies are looking for a specialist or an expert. They want someone who is highly qualified for the role and can perform the tasks required to the best possible ability.The whole focus of the interview is therefore to establish whether the candidate has these qualifications. There is no time for fun and games â€" the tone is formal and it’s likely extremely efficient. You are expected to use professional language and highlight efficie ncy in getting to your point. Delays in the process are not appreciated or welcomed.Furthermore, the conversation is structured in a much more hierarchical way. You have the interviewer asking the questions in a formal manner, while you answer them to the best of your ability.StartupsOn the other hand, the atmosphere in an interview for a startup is much more informal and relaxed. For start, the dress code is often rather different to big companies.We all know the stereotypical image of a startup company executive, running around in sneakers, jeans and a t-shirt. While you might not want to follow this dress code at your interview, you should check out the startup dress code and perhaps relax your business attire a little.So, instead of heading out in a jeans and a t-shirt combination, you add a shirt and a blazer to the look. The key is to do a bit more research and perhaps opt on the side of casual more than business.Furthermore, the relaxed nature is often reinforced with the lac k of formal office space. Startups might work in a public space, such as an incubator office, or have a limited open space where it conducts interviews â€" in fact, you might even have the interview in a public space such as a coffeehouse.This means the occasion is less formal and doesn’t follow a rigid structure. While there are questions they will ask you and so on, the process doesn’t necessarily follow a strict schedule or a format.The conversation might flow depending on how much you know about the sector and the kind of input you are able to add to the company’s project. The conversation is likely to follow a more informal structure and be less stifled with formal language.This doesn’t mean there isn’t a lot of industry jargon or professionalism at play; it’s just that the conversation is more about having two professionals discussing things over a glass of wine rather than an authority figure asking questions while you answer.Indeed, Corey Chambas, the president a nd CEO of First Business Financial Services, refers to this process of finding the right fit as the “beer test”. It’ essentially about hiring a person you wouldn’t mind having a beer with after work â€" i.e. ensuring you get along.Indeed, startups are looking for an individual â€" someone to add something to the company’s vision, not necessarily the expert in a specific role. The focus of the interview and the atmosphere is not to find the person most suited to help with accounting, for instance, but someone who has a vision to help the startup with its finances and to add something to the whole team.It’s more about the fit you have in terms of your personality and your passion, rather than the technical ability and skills you bring. You want to emphasize the passion you have towards the project and your ability to build on the company’s initial successes.WHAT HAPPENS DURING THE INTERVIEW?Now you’ve set the right tone. You look the part and you use the right type of language during your interview.But what happens in the job interview? I’ve given a few insights already, but let’s take a closer look at the differences in the structure and the contents of the interview at startups and big companies.Big companiesLet’s recap the most important point about big company job interviews: they are formal in nature. The process is structured and every single interview the company does for the role in question is highly likely to follow the exact same formula.Why? Because the interviewer is usually a seasoned human resource professional. Now there are two possibilities when being interviewed by a big company:First, the interviewer is from the company’s HR department and has specialized in the hiring and interviewing process.Second option is for the interviewer to be an HR specialist from a recruitment company, i.e. not part of the actual company, but hired to do the interviews for them.In both instances, the interviewer knows what they are doing and they are going to be good at it. The interview will include a list of common interview questions, and perhaps some tasks for testing your aptitude.As well as answering questions, you are most likely going to have an opportunity to ask questions about the role or the organization as well. But, the focus is on finding out if your skills match those of the company’s requirements.Since the interview follows a structured, generalized approach and flow, you will definitely benefit from watching online interview tutorials and reading answers to most common job interview questions. For example, check out the informative video of what a good job interview looks like and what happens at the interview: Your big company interview experience could be described as a passive experience. Not in the sense that you are just going to sit there, but your role is to answer questions the interviewer asks and to follow their instructions.This can include situations where they want you to show initiativ e by asking questions or presenting ideas for taking the company forward, but these are pre-planned moments and aimed at finding out specific things about you.StartupsNow, the person you’ll find on the other side of the table at a startup is unlikely to be an HR specialist. The owner or the CEO of the business more often than not conducts the interview at startups.In a sense, you are facing the boss right from the onset. This could add quite a bit to the pressure of getting through the interview! The good news is that if you impress the interviewer, then you probably have the boss in your corner right from the get-go.Since the interviewer isn’t specialized in hiring or evaluating candidates, the format will be more relaxed and it won’t follow such a rigid structure. You can’t prepare with the traditional guides in mind, as you won’t know what type of interviewer this specific startup executive or team member is.There will surely be certain common questions and things you c an prepare for, as mentioned above, but the actual structure and flow of conversation is much harder to predict or prepare for.Indeed, the interview can seem more like a conversation rather than a question and answer session. In this sense, the startup interview will be a more active experience for you. You are expected to take control â€" to direct the conversation and talk about your passion towards the industry.As I mentioned above, the focus is on ensuring you fit the team and the mission, and so you want to impress the interviewer with your understanding of the industry and your ideas for the company going forward.So, don’t relax too much and just provide answers when the interviewer asks questions â€" be bold and don’t be afraid of taking control.WHAT SHOULD YOU DO AFTERWARDS?A job interview isn’t just an hour spent in a room answering questions, as I said at the start. The process starts long before you enter the interview and it doesn’t end as you say your goodbyes.W henever you attend an interview, you should always follow it up. Nonetheless, there are slight differences in tone between big companies and startups.Big companiesBig company job interviews can actually include more than one stage. The process from application to hiring can last much longer and therefore you need to be aware of this process.Your first interview might just be about finding a selection of candidates, especially if a recruitment company interviews you, with another interview being conducted by the actual company or its representative department.So, be aware of the process and ask at the end of the interview what is going to happen next. You want to know when you should be expecting to hear from the company and have an idea whether further assessment or interviews are expected.After you’ve been interviewed, you want to follow-up with the interviewer no matter what the process afterwards is going to be like. So ensure you have the contact details of the person who cond ucted the interview.On the day, but necessarily immediately after, send the person an e-mail where you go through the following points:Thank them for the interview and express your gratitude for the opportunity.Follow-up on any questions they might have asked or correct any points you made during the interview. If you have questions about the role or the interview, you can also ask them.Return a compliment or mention a topic you discussed during the interview.Thank again for the interview and tell them to contact you if there’s anything.The tone of the e-mail should be professional and formal. You also want to keep it relatively short and you shouldn’t necessarily expect the person to reply, at least not until they have news regarding the role.If you haven’t heard from the recruiter after a few weeks, you can always give them a call to show enthusiasm and to check whether you are still being considered.StartupsThe startup follow-up is not essentially that different. Again, you want to focus on the same pointers I mentioned above. You should:Thank the interviewer for the time and the opportunity.Follow-up on any points discussed during the interview and present any ideas you have come up with after the interview. If you discussed industry news or new ideas that you think the startup might find useful, provide them information regarding these and perhaps give out links or reading suggestions on topics you touched on.Thank for the opportunity and ask them to contact you if they want to talk more.The follow-up is another opportunity to showcase your passion for the project and therefore, the idea of sending resources or adding to an idea you talked about is crucial with startups. The tone of your e-mail should also follow the kind of interview you had â€" which is likely to have been less formal anyway.So, if you were on personal terms and you discussed personal topics, such as family, you can mention this in the follow-up and keep the message tone informal and friendly.Furthermore, in terms of the process, your interview with the startup might well be the only interview you need to attend.In some instances, they might ask you back to meet the rest of the team and guarantee you are the right fit, but you’ll most likely be dealing with the top executive and major members of the team right from the first interview.THE BOTTOM LINEAs I said at the start, interviews are never alike. The roles, the industries, and the companies add their own flavour to the process and the emphasis will differ.While you’ve seen plenty of similarities with big companies and startups, the above should also have highlighted the key differences: the different things the interview is going to focus on in terms of skill and cultural fit, the tone of the interview from the formal nature of big companies to a more relaxed approach with startups, and the machine-like structure of big companies in asking questions compared with the more bespoke-style of startups.Kn owing these differences can help you prepare for the interview and the preparation can be a crucial factor in helping you feel more relaxed and confident during the process.When you know what to expect, you can have more confidence in answering the questions, directing the flow of the conversation, and focus on the exact points on why the company in question â€" whether it’s a big company or a startup â€" should hire you for their team.

Amphicyon - Facts and Figures

Name: Amphicyon (Greek for ambiguous dog); pronounced AM-fih-SIGH-on Habitat: Plains of the northern hemisphere Historical Epoch: Middle Oligocene-Early Miocene (30-20 million years ago) Size and Weight: Varies by species; up to six feet long and 400 pounds Diet: Omnivorous Distinguishing Characteristics: Large size; bear-like body About Amphicyon Despite its nickname, the Bear Dog, Amphicyon was directly ancestral to neither bears nor dogs. This was the most prominent genus of the family of mammalian, vaguely canine-like carnivores that succeeded the larger creodonts (typified by Hyaenodon and Sarkastodon) but preceded the first true dogs. True to its nickname, Amphicyon looked like a small bear with the head of a dog, and it probably pursued a bear-like lifestyle as well, feeding opportunistically on meat, carrion, fish, fruit, and plants. The front legs of this prehistoric mammal were especially well-muscled, meaning it could probably stun prey senseless with a single well-aimed swipe of its paw. Befitting a mammal with such a lengthy provenance in the fossil record--about 10 million years, from the middle Oligocene to the early Miocene epochs--the genus Amphicyon embraced nine separate species. The two largest, the appropriately named A. major and A. giganteus, weighed up 400 pounds fully grown and roamed the expanse of Europe and the near east. In North America, Amphicyon was represented by A. galushai, A. frendens, and A. ingens, which were slightly smaller than their Eurasian cousins; various other species hailed from modern-day India and Pakistan, Africa, and the far east. (The European species of Amphicyon were identified in the early 19th century, but the first American species was only announced to the world in 2003.) Did Amphicyon hunt in packs, like modern wolves? Probably not; more likely this megafauna mammal stayed well out of the way of its pack-hunting competitors, contenting itself with (say) piles of rotting fruit or the carcass of a recently deceased Chalicotherium. (On the other hand, oversized grazing animals like Chalicotherium were themselves so slow that elderly, sick or juvenile herd members could easily be picked off by a solitary Amphicyon.) In fact, its likely that the Bear Dog faded from the world scene 20 million years ago, at the end of its long reign, because it was displaced by better-adapted (i.e., faster, sleeker, and more lightly built) hunting animals.

Top Guide of Ielts 9 Essay Samples

Top Guide of Ielts 9 Essay Samples The Key to Successful Ielts 9 Essay Samples Don't forget that any argumentative essay sample you'll discover on the internet will require a full rewriting in order to prevent plagiarism. An interesting mixture of complex grammar structures will also need to be produced. When you're selecting an essay topic, it's important to select one which has lots of information and statistics to strengthen your standpoint, nor exaggerate any info which you have chosen to write about. The issue, nevertheless, is that not all businesses can be relied on to deliver quality essays on time so you need to be mindful in selecting one. Facts, Fiction and Ielts 9 Essay Samples To compose an impressive short essay, especially during an examination, you should be in a position to hit the question and supply a straightforward answer while at the very same time observing the correct structure of an essay. No matter the subject, the structure is identical for any pers uasive essay. It will be simpler that you compose a fantastic persuasive essay if it's a subject in which you have knowledge. The more information you'll be able to gather about the subject, the better prepared you'll be for writing your essay. Qualities of a great persuasive essay topic The topic ought to be specific. There are several good persuasive essay topics to pick from. Things You Won't Like About Ielts 9 Essay Samples and Things You Will A well-structured essay has a superior introduction, body paragraphs that are simple to follow and connect with each other, and a great conclusion. Only because the introduction is the very first paragraph in your essay doesn't indicate you must write this paragraph before any other. It involves logical reasoning and items which are necessary to be focused, especially concerning the problem on why a persuasive essay was written. Most academic essay topics usually ask you to choose a side in an argument or maybe to defend a specific side against c riticism. Looking at IELTS essay topics with answers is a huge means to assist you to get ready for the test. This IELTS Writing task simply asks you to provide your opinion, which seems to be an extremely open question. You're able to take my online IELTS Writing Practice Test anywhere on the planet and find a score, corrections, and feedback in only two days. Practice tests are the best method to receive ready. Ielts 9 Essay Samples Help! A persuasive essay has to be able to grab the interest of the folks reading it easily. You ought not use the eBook continually for many hours without breaks. It is going to be useful to have an excellent eBook reader to be in a position to truly have a good reading experience and premium quality eBook display. An amazing eBook reader ought to be set up. Why Almost Everything You've Learned About Ielts 9 Essay Samples Is Wrong If you don't have an idea what an IELTS essay appears like or will need to boost your writing skills you're i n the proper location. In nearly all high schools, your capability of writing this kind of essay is going to be evaluated in class. You will need to understand how to compose an effective essay as it is a typical foundation for a student's grade. There are many persuasive essay examples college students are able to make use of online. Want to Know More About Ielts 9 Essay Samples? Essay writing is usually practiced is schools. In this manner, you will be in a position to know for sure what your essay is all about before devising your thesis. Therefore don't get intimidated if you believe you cannot write such essays. Writing an essay is an essential role in academe life. If you wish to figure out how to compose a decent persuasive essay, you're looking in the correct spot! If you're already on the lookout for persuasive essay examples online, you most likely have a somewhat vague idea about how to begin writing. Selecting an excellent topic for your essay is among the most significant and frequently tricky parts for many students. Simply take a look at the next persuasive essay. Your writing also needs to be quite easy to read and all facets of it are managed properly so as to guarantee Coherence and Cohesion. In addition, the writer has a propensity to be repetitive. Some consider essay writing a burden even though others see it like a chance to share their ideas and opinions. Persuasive essay topics don't always need to be of a severe nature, you can write about things that are connected in your life. This experience can help you make strategic decisions about which subject lessons you must learn. A little one needs certain conditions as a way to live. Students have to have a high amount of discipline to get on a uniform because this process of dressing does not permit you to dress in any other fashion or particular style that you want. They should decide which position they should take based upon the quantity and quality of the points they are able to come up with to support their position.

How strong was Nationalism in the Second Reich Free Essays

In 1871, Bismarck unified Germany; however this great achievement did not mean that his job was done. Now, the ultimate threat for him was a revolution, so he needed to make sure that everyone was reasonably happy in the new unified Germany. The constitution of the German Reich was created on 19 April 1871. We will write a custom essay sample on How strong was Nationalism in the Second Reich? or any similar topic only for you Order Now This aimed to please the upper class, middle class, working class and the German states. The upper class were pleased by the fact that they would be ruled by a German Emperor (William I) who was also the King of Prussia and Supreme Commander. This way, they could maintain an element of autocracy and social hierarchy. The Federal Council could over-rule the Reichstag if it wanted to so this helped to avoid democracy, again, pleasing the upper class. Having a constitution would please the middle class as it enables democracy to a certain extent. They would have been pleased by the fact that the constitution allows the middle class suffrage and in turn, gains them more power. Gaining the vote and power within the constitution also pleased the working class. Twenty-five confederal states made up the Federal Council, meaning that Prussia did not overrule everyone; this pleased the other German states. Prussia was only allowed seventeen representatives; however, the council had the power of veto, if they were supported by 14 votes. This meant that it would take only 14 of the 17 representatives of Prussia to overrule the other states. The careful planning of the constitution helped to encourage nationalism, as everyone in it was kept quite happy. The middle and working class got elements of democracy whilst the upper class had elements of autocracy. However, it was more absolutist than it appeared to be. Bismarck and Prussia still had subtle control over Germany. How did the government encourage the people to be good Germans? Nationalism throughout Germany was encouraged in areas such as education, industry and the monarchy. The writings of Heinrich Von Treitschke were very influential to the German people. He believed that Germans were driven by ideas such as nationalism rather than being practical. The acquisition of power was the key to a successful Germany, â€Å"only the truly great and powerful states ought to exist.† As he was such an influential writer, it was causing nationalism to grow amongst the German people. Treitschke also believed in conformity and wrote that â€Å"the individual has no right to regard the state as a means for attaining his own ambitions in life†, meaning that people should do as they are told by their government, and not revolt (like the French did.) Both the acquisition of power and conformity had created a replacement to absolutism known as authoritarianism. His writing showed that nationalism was becoming more and more conservative. To be a good German, you had to pure blooded and a militarist. Treitschke taught that war was a good thing and it makes you a better person. â€Å"The sacred power of love which a righteous war awakes† is an example of what he wrote about war. Germany was founded through three wars, so to Germans it must seem a very good thing. However, this all changed after WWI. Nationalism was also being encouraged through education. Textbooks would contain phrases such as â€Å"the ideal bearers of civilisation with an innate superiority and pureness of blood.† Introducing to children the ideas of the Aryan race. How serious was opposition to nationalism? The main opposition to nationalism consisted of the Catholic church, workers and women. Problems with the Catholic church arose because Bismarck tried to control the country through education. However, for Catholics, their education lies in the hands of their religion so what they were taught by their religion was very different to what Bismarck wanted to teach them. In 1870, the Vatican Council adopted the doctrine of papal infallibility, meaning that whatever the pope said or did was right, and no one was allowed to question it. This was a problem for Bismarck as he continued to try to gain control over German education. He passed many laws such as the May Laws (1873) which forbade catholic inspections of schools, but by 1887, a bill was passed to give the Church its old independence. The Catholics won the Kulturkampf so they proved to be a threatening opposition to nationalism. Socialism of the working class was the most serious form of opposition to nationalism. The social democrats were similar to communists in the sense that they wanted the abolition of classes and class rule. Bismarck tried to prevent them from growing, by introducing anti-socialist laws, but they continued to grow even faster. By 1912, the SPD were the largest party in the Reichstag with nearly 4million votes!! Bismarck even attempted to encourage working class nationalism by introducing state insurance and pension, however, this was simply mocked by socialists. They called it ‘state socialism.’ The social democrats continued to be the largest party in the Reichstag up to the outbreak of WWI in 1914. Another form of opposition to nationalism was women. This was not as serious as the Suffragettes in Britain, although it still posed a threat to nationalism. Women were seen as second class citizens who were oppressed by the ruling classes, generally men. The women’s movement achieved very little under Bismarck, however, they managed to get the right to get involved in politics. It was the most low key of the three main threats to nationalism, as it was not as significant as the Socialists or the Catholics. Out of the three, the biggest threat to nationalism seems to be the Social Democratic party, as they managed to become the largest party in the Reichstag, meaning that they would have quite an influence over parliament. However, the Federal Council could just simply dissolve the Reichstag if they felt it was necessary. How to cite How strong was Nationalism in the Second Reich?, Papers

Psychology Brain Disorders

Introduction Memory is a physiological attribute probably in all living things. In this paper, human memory is the primary concern and focus. The famous psychologist of the 19th century described human memory as a number of single phenomena connected into a whole.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Psychology: Brain Disorders specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Arguably, human beings bind strongly on the connective power to reach their past remembrance, which in turn creates the individual personality (Rasmussen Bernstern, 2010). Without the connecting power, every single phenomena of a memory will fall apart into many fragments causing memory impairment (Vanderkerckhove Panksepp, 2009). Psychogenic amnesia is the medical term used to describe impaired memory i.e. reduced ability to process stored information (Staniloiu et al., 2010). Autobiographical memory is defined as an integrated part of a number of me mory systems possessing different functions in human information processing. Autonoetic consciousness refers to the recollection of the mental re-enactment of past events and self-awareness (Nadine Markowitsch, 2007). This term was introduced in 1995 by Endel Tulving. Therefore, assigning the term autonoetic consciousness to the phenomena of psychogenic amnesia implies that an individual’s autobiographical memory is impaired and thereby such a patient displays damaged autonoetic (self) awareness. Such a patient fails to recollect any entity over time and therefore he or she is unable to connect to the old and new autonoetic memories (Irish et al., 2008). Therefore, this paper aims to discuss the role of autonoetic consciousness in autobiographical memory with particular reference to psychogenic amnesia. The discussion commences with a brief explanation of how the human memory functions. This will facilitate the understanding how autonoetic consciousness aids the autobiograph ical memory in psychogenic amnesia disorder.Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The Human Memory As mentioned earlier, memory is not unitary but rather it is dividend along content and time. Memory can be categorized into neuropsychological memory and biographical memory (Vanderkerckhove Panksepp, 2009). Neuropsychological memory is divided into short term and long-term memories. Short-term memory is responsible for holding information such as telephone numbers and other related few bits of information of time ranging between seconds and minutes. Anything else beyond this is stored in the long-term memory. Recently, working memory was introduced by Alan Baddeley (Ros et al., 2010). This memory stores information related with the information which is new or old whenever required. When an event takes place leading to biochemical alterations of or damages brain tissue, it may cha nge the brain’s network of information processing such that the victim is unable to encode new information or retrieve the stored information (Markoswitsch, 2008). Endel Tulving classified memory as habit (routines and procedures) and memory (acquiring new facts and objects). Later on, he distinguished memory as semantic and episodic memory. Semantic memory is the one responsible for storing general knowledge whilst episodic memory is responsible of storing information required within time and place episodes. Later, Tulving and colleagues added further memory systems including automatic, implicit, subconscious, procedural, and priming system memory. Later, they added a new memory system referred to perceptual memory, which described the acts of reaching judgment due to familiarity. For example, an individual is able is to distinguish between peach and pear (Vanderkerckhove Panksepp, 2009; Marie, 2009). Autobiographical memory is defined as the integrated part of a number of memory systems possessing different functions in the human information processing (Noulhiane et al., 2008). This topic has been debated since the onset of brain research. However, there is a current compromise reached by researchers to reflect brain memory organization in a more realistic manner (Dalan et al., 2008; Dubios, 2010). It is assumed that information enters the brain through the sensory organs, and then it is processed according to the kind of information and process triggered. Therefore, subconsciously processed information either is directed to unimodal neocortical structures (priming) or engages the basal ganglia premotor (procedural learning).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Psychology: Brain Disorders specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More On the other hand, consciously processed information recruits broad networks responsible for perceptual learning including limbic regions for autobiographic al episodic- memory (AEM) and the knowledge system. The incoming information is first received by limbic structures where its relevance is extracted, compared with the existing stored information and later bound or integrated with them through a process known as synchronization. Further consolidation occurs during sleeping and this may extend to years. Storage of the information is done by the cerebral cortex (Owen Coleman, 2010; Van Djik et al., 2008). Storing of information is not done in one single step rather the new information is compared with the existing, leading to reconsolidation and new storage in the context of the previous consolidation. Retrieval of stored information (facts and events) requires engagement of almost three closely related networks including activation of the brain stem structures that comprises of portions of the reticular activating system, the main information of the respective activity containing neocortical network and the limbic networks which enh ance information by adding emotional flavor. Encoding of information is based on hierarchal arrangements of memory systems (Nadine Markowitsch, 2007). Autobiographical episodic memory, autonoetic consciousness, and psychogenic amnesia Psychogenic amnesia has been studied since the 19th century to provide evidence for the significant influence of AEM. The word Amnesia is a Greek word used to describe the most severe form of memory impairment. Psychogenic amnesia refers to a disorder/syndrome showing the inability to learn new information or retrieve previously learnt information in an alert and responsive person in absence of other cognitive impairments (Kumar et al., 2007; Locke et al., 2006).Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Traditionally, the term psychogenic disorder was used to describe episodes of retrograde or ant-retrograde memory loss (AEM) resulting from psychological stress or in absence of brain damage. This impairment is reversible. Most studies reveal a high percentage of recovery within the first month of Amnesia (Powell et al., 2007). Recent studies however, have shown a prolonged course of memory recovery in a number of patients suffering from psychogenic memory loss. Examples of psychogenic disorders include dissociative identity disorder (DID), Ganser syndrome, dissociative fatigue, anxiety disorders, post traumatic stress disorders (PTSD), personality disorders, such as borderline disorders and dissociative trans disorders. Dissociative memory disorder symptoms include hyper-amnesia (flashbacks) or amnesia (Neumann et al., 2007; Serra et al., 2007). The first scientists to describe this condition used the term â€Å"hysteria† which was later coined to â€Å"dissociation† arguing that memories were processed based on the association of a past event concept, hence, the patients fail to retrieve them due to dissociation. Additionally, they argued that subconscious memories are associated with emotions and thoughts, which are blocked from conscious awareness but influence behaviors such as prolonged disability to deal with a reality. The dissociations are caused by traumatizing events such as sexual assaults, domestic violence that may, or may not cause head injury (Saito et al., 2007). Apart from this, the patients display an inappropriate lack of concern about their symptoms, which was referred to as belle indifference (Barsics Serge, 2010; Cragar et al., 2006). The patients are often unable to regulate emotions or to demonstrate emotional engagement towards the environment. This leads to a conclusion that the patients can be treated through emotional processing abilities and autonoetic awareness to the retrieval of memories and it is a useful hint i n the diagnosis of psychogenic disorders (Magno Allan, 2007). Autobiographical Episodic Memory (AEM) is closely connected to autonoetic consciousness (Striacciari et al., 2008). The term autonoetic refers to self conscious/self aware; noetic refers to aware and anoetic refers to unaware (Lemogne et al., 2009). These terms were introduced by Endel Tulving in 1995. He defined autonoetic consciousness as the capacity that enables an individual to mentally reflect and become aware of his protracted existence across subjective time. Research has outlined AEM to occur in the context of the attaining new stages of self-understanding and self-awareness. AEM is identified to be significantly important in the current individualized societies because it facilitates in maintaining a consistent feeling of identity to the individuals and thereby, creating a coherent self-awareness and continuity over time. According to Tulving findings, AEM is viewed as a threefold cord, which results from †Å"the uniting of subjective time, autonoetic consciousness and the experiencing self† (Staniloiu et al., 2010, p.778). Therefore, this makes AEM important issue in psychiatry and psychoanalysis field. There has been various investigations on the role of AEM’s in one’s sense self coherence and ability to reconstruct oneself such as patients suffering from psychogenic amnesia (Vattakatuchery Chesterman, 2006). The conceptualization of AEM has been revised heavily over the years. Episodic memory system is viewed to be equivalent to the AEM system. One characteristic of AEM is the mental time travelling on the subjective time in order to connect the past with the current memory status. It is the last feature of AEM that is fully functional (Nadine Markowitsch, 2007). However, it is the first feature to be affected by amnesic disorders. This system requires a high level of self awareness- autonoetic consciousness. The designations autobiographical and episodic are o ften used interchangeably, however, it is important to note that not all autobiographical memories are episodic. There are two autobiographical memories namely episodic and semantic (Staniloiu et al., 2010). Autobiographical semantic memories deal mainly with automatic personal knowledge such as names, date of birth etc. Such personal knowledge is sometimes preserved, relearned, or updated even in presence of semantic autobiographical memory impairment. Therefore, the reason why some patients suffer AEM impairments but still recollect their personal identity is that their autobiographic semantic memory remains intact (Gardiner, 2001). Literature indicates that AEM develops ontogenetically and is unique to every human being. Of all other memory systems, AEM is the most vulnerable to neural impairments. Additionally, it is susceptible to distortions, misinformation, and dynamic transformation and reshaping. Therefore, stressful events can lead to disturbances of integrated arrangement s of memory, perception, consciousness, and identity creating dissociative disorders (Staniloiu et al., 2010). Additionally, Theory of Mind (ToM), AEM, and autonoetic consciousness are correlated during the ontogenetic developments. ToM is defines as the ability to make inferences and personal attributes (beliefs, desires, feelings etc) regarding the mental states during the development /growth stages. Children pass the mirror recognition test between 16-24 months (Nadine Markowitsch, 2007). This marks the transition of a core self-identity to a cognitive self. In this domain, children understand certain aspects of their mind at an early age but attain the standard false belief at the ages of four. It is also the age at which the child gets his/her meta-representational abilities through experimental awareness and meta-representational self consciousness though relational between what the child knows and what other sources say. According to ToM, it is a critical step to understand and develop abilities. Therefore, it can be affirmed that between the age of three and five years, children develop the ability to recall explicit events experienced. However, it is not well known when children begin to retrieve information on autobiographical semantic memory or become autonoetical conscious that they are actually able to recollect the past events through AEM system. However, at this age kids have abundant and explicit personal information (Piolino et al., 2003a). Experiencing past episodic events implies that one has the ability to encode specific information related to specific feelings which occurred within particular contexts. This autobiographical journey is filled with pervasive emotional atmospheres of the time, place, and event. Episodic memory depends mainly on the encoding and re-consolidation of the abundant differentiated elements remembered during the context. The reactivations of such memories in the future involves time travelling (i.e. re-experiencin g) the flow of past events within the individuals’ subjective time. Episodic memories refer to the ability to recollect information regarding past events. The information includes emotions experienced during those events and a realistic time line of when the events occurred (Staniloiu et al., 2010). The process also involves the ability to recall a particular event or interaction as the main point of reference in order to determine whether the recollections were experienced before. The recollections of the memory is guided apparently by other factors such as great self relevance, unique feelings experienced, thoughts, goals or behaviors. AEM are the foundations of autonoetic consciousness because they are a recollections and mental re-enactment of past events experienced by an individual (Nadine Markowitsch, 2007). However, as described above, the past information is capable of undergoing reconsolidation and reshaping due to remembering of new situational context, making wis hful fulfillments’ or other emotional forces triggered to add flavor to the event. Additionally, re-organization of information can occur when an individual is traumatized or undergoing very stressful condition. This causes mental activities dissociations disorders where the patient memory is impaired. Such disorders are categorized in DSM-IV-TR to all disorders with symptoms of central inability to recall important personal knowledge after a traumatizing event resulting to psychogenic amnesia. The condition is augmented by the degree of stress resulting from the traumatizing event (Piolino et al., 2003b). Conclusion The conceptualization of AEM has been intensively revised over years. One characteristic of AEM is the mental time travelling on the subjective time in order to connect the past with the current memory status. The role of autonoetic consciousness to the phenomena of psychogenic amnesia is the impairment of autobiographical memory causing damaged autonoetic (self) awareness. This makes a patient fail to retrieve an entity over time. Psychogenic amnesia patients are unable to connect to the old and new autonoetic memories. The dissociation is caused by traumatizing effects such as sexual assaults, domestic violence that may or may not cause head injury. Apart from this, the patients display an inappropriate lack of concern about their symptoms; this is referred to as belle indifference. The patients are often unable to regulate their emotions or to engage them towards the environment. References Barsics, C. Serge, B. (2010). Familiar person recognition: is autonoetic consciousness more likely to accompany face recognition than voice recognition? CASYS, 9(1), 283-288. Cragar et al. (2006). Performance of patients with epilepsy or psychogenic non-epileptic seizures on four measures of effort. 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(2007). Impairment of Autonoetic awareness for emotional events in schizophrenia. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 52(7), 450-456. Noulhiane et al. (2008). Autonoetic consciousness in autobiographical memories after medial temporal lobe rese ction. Behavioral Neurology, 19(1), 19-22. Owen, A. Coleman, M. (2008). Functional neuroimaging of the vegetative state. Science and Society Nature Review, 1(9), 235-242. Piolino et al. (2003a). Autobiographical memory and autonoetic consciousness in a case of semantic dementia. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 20(7), 619-639. Piolino et al. (2003b). Autobiographical memory and autonoetic consciousness: triple dissociation in neurodegenerative diseases. Brain, 126(1), 2203-2219. Powell et al. (2007). Mass psychogenic illness presenting as acute Stridor in an adolescent female cohort. Annals of Otology, Rhinology, and Larynology, 116(7), 525-531. Rasmussen, A. S. Bernstern, D. (2010). Personality traits and autobiographical memory: openness is positively related to the experience and usage of recollections. Memory, 18(7), 774-786. Ros et al. (2010). Working memory capacity and over general Autobiography memory in young and older adults. Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition, 17(1), 89-10 7. Saito et al. (2007). Basic autonomic nervous function in patients with neurocardiogenic syncope. Clinical and Experimental Hypertension, 29(1), 165-173. Serra et al. (2007). Psychogenic and organic amnesia. A multidimensional assessment of clinical neuroradical, neuropsychological and psychopathological features. Behavioral Neurology, 18(1), 53-64. Staniloiu et al. (2010). Psychogenic amnesia- A malady of the constricted self. Consciousness and Cognition, 19(1), 778-801. Striacciari et al. (2008). When the past is lost: focal retrograde amnesia. Focus on the functional form. Behavioral Neurology, 20(1), 113-125. Van Djik et al. (2008). High diagnostic yield and accuracy of history, physical examination, and ECG in patients with transient loss of consciousness in FAST: The fainting assessment study. Journal of Cardiovascular Electrophysiology, 19(1), 48-55. Vanderkerckhove, M. Panksepp, J. (2009). The flow of anoetic to noetic and autonoetic consciousness: A vision of unknowing ( anoetic) and knowing (noetic) consciousness in the remembrance of things past and imagined future. Consciousness and Cognition, 18(1), 1018-1028. Vattakatuchery, J.J. Chesterman, P. (2006). The use of abreaction to recover memories in psychogenic amnesia: a case report. The Journal of Forensic Psychiatry and Psychology, 17(4), 647-653. This research paper on Psychology: Brain Disorders was written and submitted by user Donald Riddle to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.